Construction solutions of the eski-kermen and gorzuvit tombs

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Abstract

A comparative analysis of the mortars used in the construction of two burial structures in medieval Crimean cities, namely Eski-Kermen and Gorzuvit, was conducted. In both instances, lime mortar was employed. The faunal remains discovered within the lime base enabled the origin of the carbonate raw material to be determined. In the case of Eski-Kermen, the lime mortar was prepared from Eocene nummulitic limestone, which constitutes the plateau itself. In contrast, the limestone of the Upper Oxfordian deposits of the southern slopes of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains was used in Gorzuvit. As technological admixtures in Gorzuvites, rounded large pebbles (of river or sea origin), sand, presumably of river origin, and plant remains were employed. On the Eski-Kermen plateau, due to the limited availability of resources, mainly only heterogeneous, fairly large fragments of crushed, partially burnt ceramics were used. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that local changes in the formulation of solutions are associated with the availability of raw materials near the construction site, both natural and anthropogenic.

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About the authors

A. Yu. Loboda

National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute"

Author for correspondence.
Email: lobodaau@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

P. I. Kalinin

Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science RAS

Email: lobodaau@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Pushchino

A. M. Antipin

National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute"

Email: lobodaau@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

P. V. Guryeva

National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute"

Email: lobodaau@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

E. S. Kovalenko

National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute"

Email: lobodaau@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

A. V. Mandrykina

National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute"

Email: lobodaau@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

E. A. Kuzmina

National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute"

Email: lobodaau@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

E. A. Khairedinova

Institute of Crimean Archaeology RAS

Email: lobodaau@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Simferopol

A. V. Mastykova

Institute of Archaeology RAS

Email: lobodaau@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

E. Yu. Tereschenko

National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute"

Email: lobodaau@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

E. B. Yatsishina

National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute"

Email: lobodaau@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Map of Crimea indicating the location of monuments from which samples of lime mortars originate: 1 – Eski-Kermen plateau, 2 – Gorzuvites (modern Gurzuf).

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3. Fig. 2. The city on the Eski-Kermen plateau: a – the lintel wall between tomb 6/2019 and grave 9/2019, from which samples of limestone mortars EK1 (1) and EK2 (2) were taken (photo by E.A. Khairedinova); b – the plan of a single-nave church of the 10th–13th centuries from quarter 2. The red circle shows the place from which samples of mortars EK1 and EK2 were taken (drawing by E.A. Khairedinova).

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4. Fig. 3. Gorzuvites. Tomb inside the temple. General view from the north and details indicating the locations from which lime mortar samples were taken: 1 – G46.4, 2 – G46.7, 3 – G46.8. (photo by A.V. Mastykova).

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5. Fig. 4. Thin section of sample EK1 (a), tomography results of sample EK1 (b–d). Longitudinal section with various heterogeneities (b) and examples of inclusions of organic origin (nummulite shells) (c, d).

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6. Fig. 5. Thin section of sample G46.4 (a), tomography results of sample G46.4 (b, c); longitudinal section with various inhomogeneities and voids (b), longitudinal section of organic inclusion (gastropod shells) (c); thin section of sample G46.7 (d), tomography results of sample G46.7 (d–g); longitudinal section with various inhomogeneities and voids (d), tomographic sections of organic inclusions (gastropod shells) (f, g).

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7. Fig. 6. Thin section of sample G46.8 (a), tomographic sections of an organic inclusion (gastropod shell) of sample G46.8 (b, c), tomographic section of sample G46.3 (d), tomographic section of an organic inclusion (stem) of sample G46.3 (d).

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