The History of the Initial Stage of Scientific Cartography of St. Petersburg (First Quarter of the 18th Century)

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The article is devoted to a source study of three hand-drawn maps (“plans”) of early St. Petersburg, stored in the collections of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) and the Russian State Military Historical Archive (GGVIA): the map of the Vyborg Side drawn by dyak (clerk) Larion Protasov (1714), the map of the Admiralty Fortress drawn by an unknown author (1716), and a hydrographic map of St. Petersburg by michman (midshipman) Ignatii Plemyannikov (1725). These cartographic documents are little known even to the specialists in the history of St. Petersburg and are seldom used in scientific research unlike, e. g. Western-European printed (engraved) maps. The first cartographic works, based on instrumental surveys and covering the territory of St. Petersburg, date back to the 1730s (J. von Siegheim’s map of 1736 and the “academic” plan of 1737). However, scientific cartography of St. Petersburg, i. e. cartography based on, inter alia, mathematical calculations, began much earlier. An example of this are the hand-drawn maps (“plans”) of St. Petersburg and its parts from the 1710s – 1720s that are discussed in the article. The first document shows the buildings and land plots, mainly on the Vyborg Side, and has a scale line. The plan of the Admiralty Fortress, on the contrary, is not to scale although it shows the heights of the fortifications. Finally, the hydrographic map, created for navigation and piloting purposes, indicates the depths in the Gulf of Finland at the mouth of the Great Neva, as well as of the channels of the rivers Little Neva, Great Nevka, and Little Nevka. Created for different purposes and with varying degrees of professional cartographic skills, these maps reflect the general trend in the realization of geographical knowledge of the Petrine era, a departure from the semantic principles of ancient Russian cartography in favor of creating cartographic works based on a mathematical foundation and numerical indicators. With these documents, we are now better able to reconstruct the geography, topography, and toponymy of early St. Petersburg. The article is supplemented by the first full-fledged publication of these three cartographic documents.

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Sobre autores

Vasily Yakovlev

Saint Petersburg Branch of the Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Isaacʼs Cathedral State Museum

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: vertu1815@yandex.ru
Rússia, 5B, Universitetskaya Emb., Saint Petersburg, 199034; 29–31, Nevsky Prospekt, Saint Petersburg, 191186

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2. Plan of the Vyborg side by clerk Larion Protasov showing the distribution of land plots, 1714. Original (RGVIA. F. 846. Op. 16. D. 22494. L. 2)

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3. Drawing of the Admiralty Fortress with an indication of works on fortification strengthening, 1716. Original (RGADA. F. 9. Op. 3. Sep. 2. D. 28. L. 206-206a)

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4. Autograph of A. D. Menshikov on a letter to Peter I dated 22 October 1716, to which was attached a drawing of the Admiralty Fortress. Original (RGADA. F. 9. Op. 3. Sep. 2. D. 28. L. 208 ob.)

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5. Hydrographic plan of St. Petersburg by midshipman Ignaty Plemyannikov with indication of fairways. Original (RGVIA. F. 846. Op. 16. D. 22423)

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