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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical and Social Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical and Social Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Медико-социальная экспертиза и реабилитация</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1560-9537</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-2092</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">114808</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/MSER114808</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Algorithm for the classification of phases and stages of sleep in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness based on logical artificial intelligence</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Алгоритм классификации фаз и стадий сна у пациентов с хроническими нарушениями сознания на основе логического искусственного интеллекта</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4435-8501</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8947-4230</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nekrasova</surname><given-names>Yuliya Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Некрасова</surname><given-names>Юлия Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engin.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>nekrasova84@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5707-118X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7800-6446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>Ilya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисов</surname><given-names>Илья Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>realzel@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7635-1048</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1776-1160</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kanarsky</surname><given-names>Mikhail M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Канарский</surname><given-names>Михаил Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>kanarmm@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-7504</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8647-4329</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pradhan</surname><given-names>Pranil</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прадхан</surname><given-names>Пранил</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>pranilpr@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5112-7878</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7383-5144</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mayorova</surname><given-names>Larisa A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Майорова</surname><given-names>Лариса Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>major_@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-2038</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1854-9314</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Redkin</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Редкин</surname><given-names>Иван Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>iredkin@fnkcrr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1490-1331</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3407-1625</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokina</surname><given-names>Viktoriya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокина</surname><given-names>Виктория Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>vsorokina@fnkcrr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Resuscitation and Rehabilitation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр реаниматологии и реабилитологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (PFUR)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов (РУДН)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-08-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>259</fpage><lpage>270</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-11-23"><day>23</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-06-01"><day>01</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-10-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjmseer.com/1560-9537/article/view/114808">https://rjmseer.com/1560-9537/article/view/114808</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The analysis of sleep patterns in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness is attracting increasing attention in terms of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of severe brain damage. The study describes a software package based on an artificial intelligence (AI) expert system designed to classify the phases and stages of sleep, taking into account the characteristics of impaired cortical rhythm in such patients.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To develop a specialized AI-based software package focused on patients with chronic impairment of consciousness for automatic classification of sleep phases and stages, with an emphasis on identifying sleep spindles and non-rapid eye movement (REM) and REM sleep phases.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> To ensure the correct operation of the software package, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed considering the binary classification of slow sleep, REM sleep, and wakefulness.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The average sensitivity and specificity of the algorithm were 87.9 and 70.1, respectively. The average area under the ROC curve was 0.790. The algorithm for determining the REM phase demonstrates low specificity with high sensitivity, and its graph was similar to that of wakefulness, as well as the irregularity of the presence of REMs in the REM sleep phase in patients with CNS and the frequent presence of nystagmus in the waking state. Information about the presence of nystagmus, entered at the start of the program, allowed us to slightly increase the efficiency of the algorithm; however, this aspect probably needs further improvement.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A software package that takes into account the features of electroencephalography of patients with chronic disorders of consciousness and analyzes sleep and wakefulness automatically is not only useful as a diagnostic tool for neurologists and somnologists but also contributes to a wider dissemination of this technique in clinical practice.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Анализ паттернов сна у пациентов с хроническими нарушениями сознания привлекает все большее внимание с точки зрения диагностики, прогноза и терапии тяжёлого повреждения головного мозга. В работе представлено описание программного комплекса на основе экспертной системы искусственного интеллекта, предназначенного для классификации фаз и стадий сна, с учётом особенностей нарушенной корковой ритмики у таких пациентов.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Разработка специализированного, ориентированного на пациентов с хроническим нарушением сознания, программного комплекса на основе искусственного интеллекта для автоматической классификации фаз и стадий сна с акцентом на выделение сонных веретён, фаз медленного и быстрого сна.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Для проверки корректности работы программного комплекса был выполнен анализ ROC-кривых в рамках бинарной классификации медленного сна, быстрого сна и бодрствования.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Средняя чувствительность и специфичность алгоритма составляют 87,9 и 70,1 соответственно. Средняя площадь под ROC-кривой — 0,790. Низкую специфичность при высокой чувствительности демонстрирует алгоритм определения фазы быстрого сна, что связано с его графоэлементным сходством с фазой бодрствования, а также нерегулярностью наличия быстрых движений глаз в фазе REM-сна у пациентов с хроническими нарушениями сознания и в то же время с частым присутствием нистагма в состоянии бодрствования. Информация о наличии нистагма, вводимая на старте работы программы, позволила несколько повысить показатели эффективности алгоритма, однако, вероятно, этот аспект нуждается в дальнейшей доработке.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Наличие программного комплекса, учитывающего особенности электроэнцефалографии пациентов с хроническими нарушениями сознания и проводящего анализ сна и бодрствования в автоматическом режиме, могло бы не только быть полезным в качестве диагностического инструмента для невролога и сомнолога, но и способствовать более широкому распространению этой методики в клинической практике.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>chronic impairment of consciousness</kwd><kwd>sleep stages</kwd><kwd>sleep phase</kwd><kwd>brain electroencephalogram</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>хроническое нарушение сознания</kwd><kwd>стадии сна</kwd><kwd>фаза сна</kwd><kwd>электроэнцефалограмма головного мозга</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Multi-Society Task Force on PVS. 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