<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical and Social Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical and Social Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Медико-социальная экспертиза и реабилитация</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1560-9537</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-2092</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">696079</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/MSER696079</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RSNTLF</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern approaches to comprehensive rehabilitation and assessment criteria for medico-social expertise in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные подходы к комплексной реабилитации и критерии оценки в медико-социальной экспертизе пациентов с постинсультными когнитивными нарушениями</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4403-0204</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">294101</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8742-4109</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galimov</surname><given-names>Airat R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галимов</surname><given-names>Айрат Рамирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>cand. med. sci., associate professor; neurologist, forensic medical expert</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, врач-невролог, врач-судебно-медицинский эксперт</p></bio><email>airat.galim382@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2448-263X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salimov</surname><given-names>Shamil R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салимов</surname><given-names>Шамиль Рафисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса</p></bio><email>shamil.salimov.011@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7463-529X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yagfarova</surname><given-names>Dilara R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ягфарова</surname><given-names>Дилара Руслановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса</p></bio><email>dilara.yagfarova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2493-4046</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochkarova</surname><given-names>Fatima A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочкарова</surname><given-names>Фатима Абдулаховна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса</p></bio><email>kochkarova.f@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3765-0187</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakhimova</surname><given-names>Liliya Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахимова</surname><given-names>Лилия Ураловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса</p></bio><email>liliya_rahimova15@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9445-185X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikogosyan</surname><given-names>Anna K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никогосян</surname><given-names>Анна Кареновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса</p></bio><email>anna.nikogosyan@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7496-2937</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshulskaya</surname><given-names>Yulia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решульская</surname><given-names>Юлия Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса</p></bio><email>jartr02@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6335-914X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balyan</surname><given-names>Suzanna E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балян</surname><given-names>Сюзанна Эдгаровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса</p></bio><email>suzannabalyan883@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6722-113X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernenko</surname><given-names>Maxim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черненко</surname><given-names>Максим Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса</p></bio><email>max12464@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5832-9680</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ekizyan</surname><given-names>Tamara D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Экизян</surname><given-names>Тамара Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса</p></bio><email>tomricochaurelly13@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5778-782X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rogozhnikova</surname><given-names>Elizaveta D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рогожникова</surname><given-names>Елизавета Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса</p></bio><email>lizarogozhnikova2016@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0739-8281</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharzhiyants</surname><given-names>Alexandra Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харжиянц</surname><given-names>Александра Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса</p></bio><email>Xarzhiyyanc@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8518-6795</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lagutina</surname><given-names>Valeria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лагутина</surname><given-names>Валерия Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>lagutina2002@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Ufa, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» МЗ РФ, Уфа, Российская Федерация</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Rostov State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Ростовский государственный медицинский университет» МЗ РФ, Ростов-на-Дону, Российская Федерация</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-11"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-17"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-12-17"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjmseer.com/1560-9537/article/view/696079">https://rjmseer.com/1560-9537/article/view/696079</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) represents a significant medical and social problem, serving as a factor that contributes to increased disability rates among stroke survivors. Current epidemiological data indicate a high prevalence of PSCI, reaching 96% when comprehensive neuropsychological testing is applied. The socioeconomic burden of PSCI is associated with increased risks of mortality, development of affective disorders, and need for long-term specialized care, along with substantial direct and indirect economic losses (Fragment 7). The objective of this review is to analyze contemporary scientific evidence concerning effective approaches to comprehensive rehabilitation and improvement of medico-social evaluation criteria for patients with PSCI. The authors conducted a literature search in international bibliographic databases including PubMed/Ovid MEDLINE, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY for publications from 2018–2025, selecting 77 relevant studies for analysis. The analysis of literature data demonstrates that modern rehabilitation of patients with PSCI is based on principles of a multidisciplinary approach integrating methods of cognitive training, controlled physical activity, non-invasive neuromodulation, and psychotherapeutic support. Combined rehabilitation strategies targeting the modulation of neuroplasticity mechanisms demonstrate the highest efficacy. It has been established that the current medico-social evaluation system has systematic limitations in objectively assessing the cognitive component of disability, failing to account for the substantial impact of executive function impairments on parameters of daily activity and work capacity. A promising direction for developing the healthcare system for patients with PSCI involves creating integrated rehabilitation-expert data transfer pathways, implementing standardized neuropsychological diagnostic protocols using validated scales (MoCA, functionally-oriented tests), and modifying medico-social evaluation criteria according to current understanding of PSCI pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. Implementation of these approaches will optimize the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs and enhance the efficacy of medico-social evaluation for patients with PSCI.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Постинсультные когнитивные нарушения (ПИКН) представляют собой значимую медико-социальных проблему, выступая фактором, приводящим к увеличению уровня инвалидности среди пациентов, перенёсших инсульт. Современные эпидемиологические данные свидетельствуют о высокой распространённости ПИКН, достигающей 96% при применении развёрнутого нейропсихологического тестирования. Социально-экономическое бремя ПИКН связано с увеличением рисков летального исхода, развития аффективных расстройств и потребности в длительном специализированном уходе, а также существенными прямыми и косвенными экономическими потерями (Фрагмент 7). Целью настоящего обзора является анализ современных научных данных, касающихся эффективных подходов к комплексной реабилитации и совершенствованию критериев медико-социальной экспертизы (МСЭ) пациентов с ПИКН. Авторами проведён поиск публикаций за 2018–2025 гг. в международных библиографических базах данных PubMed / Ovid MEDLINE, Science Direct, Google Scholar и eLIBRARY, по результатам которого для анализа отобрано 77 релевантных исследований. Проведённый анализ литературных данных демонстрирует, что современная реабилитация пациентов с ПИКН базируется на принципах мультидисциплинарного подхода, интегрирующего методы когнитивного тренинга, дозированной физической активности, неинвазивной нейромодуляции и психотерапевтического сопровождения. Наибольшую эффективность демонстрируют комбинированные реабилитационные стратегии, направленные на модуляцию механизмов нейропластичности. Выявлено, что существующая система МСЭ обладает системными ограничениями в объективной оценке когнитивного компонента инвалидности, не учитывая существенное влияние нарушений исполнительных функций на параметры повседневной активности и трудоспособности. Перспективным направлением развития системы помощи пациентам с ПИКН являются создание интегративных реабилитационно-экспертных методов передачи данных, внедрение стандартизированных протоколов нейропсихологической диагностики с применением валидизированных шкал (MoCA, функционально-ориентированные тесты), а также модификация критериев МСЭ с учётом современных представлений о патогенезе и клинических проявлениях ПИКН. Реализация указанных подходов позволит оптимизировать эффективность реабилитационных программ и повысить эффективность МСЭ пациентов с ПИКН.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>stroke</kwd><kwd>rehabilitation</kwd><kwd>disability evaluation</kwd><kwd>cognitive dysfunction</kwd><kwd>neurocognitive disorders</kwd><kwd>recovery of function</kwd><kwd>stroke rehabilitation</kwd><kwd>neurological rehabilitation</kwd><kwd>quality of life.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инсульт</kwd><kwd>реабилитация</kwd><kwd>медико-социальная экспертиза</kwd><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>нарушения познавательных способностей</kwd><kwd>оценка степени инвалидности</kwd><kwd>восстановление после инсульта</kwd><kwd>нейрореабилитация</kwd><kwd>качество жизни.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Antipenko EA, Erokhina MN, Fatkina DA. Post-stroke cognitive and emotional impairment: therapeutic management options. Nervous Diseases. 2020;(4):58–63. doi: 10.24412/2226-0757-2020-12246 EDN: QLGPLJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Parfenov VA, Verbitskaya SV. Cognitive impairment and dementia. Medical Council. 2018;(18):10–15. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2018-18-10-15 EDN: VLUTFP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Verbitskaya SV, Parfenov VA, Reshetnikov VA, et al. Post-stroke cognitive impairments (results of a 5-year follow-up). Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2018;10(1):37–42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Lokshina AB, Grishina DA. Issues of management of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2023;15(3):114–120. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2023-3-114-120 EDN: EJIFNY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Emelin AY, Lobzin VY. Criteria for diagnosis and classification of vascular cognitive impairment. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2022;14(6):131–138. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-6-131-138 EDN: LDNFPA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Lee M, Yeo NY, Ahn HJ, et al. Prediction of post-stroke cognitive impairment after acute ischemic stroke using machine learning. Alzheimer's Research &amp; Therapy. 2023;15:147. doi: 10.1186/s13195-023-01289-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Obaid M, Flach C, Marshall I, Wolfe CD, Douiri A. Long-Term Outcomes in Stroke Patients with Cognitive Impairment: A Population-Based Study. Geriatrics. 2020;5(2):32. doi: 10.3390/geriatrics5020032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Kairatova GK, Khismetova ZA, Zhumanbayeva ZhM, et al. Scientific aspects of patient rehabilitation after stroke. Review literature. Science &amp; Healthcare. 2022;24(2):103–111. doi: 10.34689/SH.2022.24.2.013 EDN: GKTBAQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Kumyshev AN, Kicha DI, Goloshchapov-Aksenov RS. Clinical and organizational aspects of medical care for ischemic stroke. Eruditio Juvenium. 2024;12(4):673–688. doi: 10.23888/HMJ2024124673-688 EDN: QFZMYX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Imaeva AE, Kapustina AV, Kutsenko VA, et al. Social and behavioral risk factors associated with reduced cognitive function among the middle-aged and elderly population of the Russian Federation. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2023;22(S8):132–141. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3789 EDN: IHILQF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Zakharov VV. Diagnosis and treatment of vascular cognitive impairments. The Clinician. 2023;17(3):12–21. doi: 10.17650/1818-8338-2023-17-3-K694 EDN: XBXMVY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Chen H, Shi M, Zhang H, et al. Different Patterns of Functional Connectivity Alterations Within the Default-Mode Network and Sensorimotor Network in Basal Ganglia and Pontine Stroke. Medical Science Monitor. 2019;25:9585–9593. doi: 10.12659/MSM.918185</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Wang Y, Wang C, Wei Y, et al. Abnormal functional connectivities patterns of multidomain cognitive impairments in pontine stroke patients. Human Brain Mapping. 2022;43(15):4676–4688. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25982</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Schellhorn T, Zucknick M, Askim T, et al. Pre-stroke cognitive impairment is associated with vascular imaging pathology: a prospective observational study. BMC Geriatrics. 2021;21(1):362. doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02327-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Yoon B, Yang DW, Hong YJ, et al. Cognitive decline according to amyloid uptake in patients with poststroke cognitive impairment. Medicine. 2021;100(38):e27252. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000027252</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Xie Y, Xie L, Kang F, et al. Association between white matter alterations and domain-specific cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease: a meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2022;14:1019088. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1019088</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Einstad MS, Saltvedt I, Lydersen S, et al. Associations between post-stroke motor and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics. 2021;21(1):103. doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02055-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Ikromov ShBU, Ergasheva FNK. Modern approaches to the rehabilitation of patients after stroke. Research Focus. 2022;1(1):169–180. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7156700</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Bogolepova AN, Levin OS. Cognitive rehabilitation of patients with focal brain lesions. S.S. Korsakov journal of neurology and psychiatry. 2020;120(4):115–122. doi: 10.17116/jnevro2020120041115 EDN: HYTCEA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Prasad KMSSSS, Sahoo DS. Efficacy of metacognitive strategy training on reducing disability of post-stroke survivor: A pilot study. Journal of Advanced Medical Sciences. 2022;55(3):82–90. doi: 10.12982/JAMS.2022.028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Jaywant A, Mautner L, Waldman R, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of a Remotely Delivered Executive Function Intervention That Combines Computerized Cognitive Training and Metacognitive Strategy Training in Chronic Stroke. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(9):5714. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20095714</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Faria AL, Latorre J, Silva Cameirão M, Bermúdez i Badia S, Llorens R. Ecologically valid virtual reality-based technologies for assessment and rehabilitation of acquired brain injury: a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023;14:1233346. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1233346</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Borisova V, Isakova EV, Kotov SV. Cognitive rehabilitation after stroke using non-pharmacological approaches. S.S. Korsakov journal of neurology and psychiatry. 2021;121(12–2):26–32. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202112112226 EDN: BLGZGM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Liu Y, Chen F, Qin P, et al. Acupuncture treatment vs. cognitive rehabilitation for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Neurology. 2023;14:1035125. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1035124</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Penna LG, Pinheiro JP, Ramalho SHR, Ribeiro CF. Effects of aerobic physical exercise on neuroplasticity after stroke: systematic review. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2021;79(9):832–843. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0551</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Hsu CC, Fu TC, Huang SC, Chen CPC, Wang JS. Increased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor with high-intensity interval training in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2021;64(4):101385. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2020.03.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Moursy MR, Atteya AA, Zakaria HM, et al. Enhancing Neuroplasticity Post Stroke: The Role of Cognitive–Behavioral Training. Brain Sciences. 2025;15(4):330. doi: 10.3390/brainsci15040330</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Tasseel-Ponche S, Roussel M, Toba MN, et al. Dual-task versus single-task gait rehabilitation after stroke: the protocol of the cognitive-motor synergy multicenter, randomized, controlled superiority trial (SYNCOMOT). Trials. 2023;24(1):172. doi: 10.1186/s13063-023-07138-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Yeh TT, Chang KC, Wu CY, Lee YY, Chen PY, Hung JW. Effects and mechanism of the HECT study (hybrid exercise-cognitive trainings) in mild ischemic stroke with cognitive decline: fMRI for brain plasticity, biomarker and behavioral analysis. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications. 2018;9:164–171. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2018.02.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Nascimento MdM, Maduro PA, Rios PMB, et al. The Effects of 12-Week Dual-Task Physical–Cognitive Training on Gait, Balance, Lower Extremity Muscle Strength, and Cognition in Older Adult Women: A Randomized Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(8):5498. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20085498</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Amorós-Aguilar L, Rodríguez-Quiroga E, Sánchez-Santolaya S, Coll-Andreu M. Effects of Combined Interventions with Aerobic Physical Exercise and Cognitive Training on Cognitive Function in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review. Brain Sciences. 2021;11(4):473. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11040473</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Khan A, Yuan K, Bao SC, et al. Can transcranial electrical stimulation facilitate post-stroke cognitive rehabilitation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2022;3:795737. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2022.795737</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Kim J, Cha B, Lee D, Kim JM, Kim M. Effect of cognition recovery by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on ipsilesional dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subacute stroke patients. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022;13:823108. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.823108</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Li W, Wen Q, Xie YH, et al. Improvement of poststroke cognitive impairment by intermittent theta bursts: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial. Brain and Behavior. 2022;12(6):e2569. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2569</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Li F, Hu F, Liang Y, Liang F, Tan H, Xing S. A randomized controlled study on intermittent theta pulse stimulation for improving cognitive impairment after stroke. Frontiers in Neurology. 2025;16:1608639. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1608639</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Liu YW, Chen ZH, Luo J, et al. Explore combined use of transcranial direct current stimulation and cognitive training on executive function after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2021;53(3):jrm00162. doi: 10.2340/16501977-2807</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Hara T, Shanmugalingam A, McIntyre A, Burhan AM. The Effect of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) on Executive Functioning, Attention and Memory in Rehabilitation Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics. 2021;11(4):627. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11040627</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Liu Y, Ai Y, Cao J, et al. High-frequency rTMS broadly ameliorates working memory and cognitive symptoms in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2024;38(10):729–741. doi: 10.1177/15459683241270022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Pisano F, Manfredini A, Castellano A, Caltagirone C, Marangolo P. Does Executive Function Training Impact on Communication? A Randomized Controlled tDCS Study on Post-Stroke Aphasia. Brain Sciences. 2022;12(9):1265. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12091265</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Tereshin AE, Kiryanova VV, Reshetnik DA, et al. Rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation with low-intensity running pulsed magnetic field in the rehabilitation of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment syndrome. Vestnik of the North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov. 2020;12(2):51–62. doi: 10.17816/mechnikov19130</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao B, Yao Y, Gao T. The effect of psychological intervention on the quality of life and rehabilitation outcome of stroke patients with anxiety and depression: A systematic review. Medicine. 2024;103(45):e40439. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000040439</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Stolwyk RJ, Mihaljcic T, Wong DK, et al. Post-stroke Cognition is Associated with Stroke Survivor Quality of Life and Caregiver Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review. 2024;34:1235–1264. doi: 10.1007/s11065-024-09635-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Dharma KK, Damhudi D, Yardes N, Haeriyanto S. Increase in the functional capacity and quality of life among stroke patients by family caregiver empowerment program based on adaptation model. International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2018;5(4):357–364. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.09.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Sun WJ, Song YY, Wang C, et al. Telerehabilitation for family caregivers of stroke survivors: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Nursing Management. 2023;2023:3450312. doi: 10.1155/2023/3450312</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Kazemi A, Azimian J, Mafi M, et al. Caregiver burden and coping strategies in caregivers of older patients with stroke. BMC Psychology. 2021;9(1):51. doi: 10.1186/s40359-021-00556-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Kaur H, Nehra A, Chopra S, et al. Development and Validation of a Comprehensive Neuropsychological and Language Rehabilitation for Stroke Survivors: A Home-Based Caregiver-Delivered Intervention Program. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 2020;23(Suppl 2):S116–S122. doi: 10.4103/aian.AIAN_500_20</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Maggio MG, Corallo F, De Francesco M, et al. Understanding the family burden and caregiver role in stroke rehabilitation: insights from a retrospective study. Neurological Sciences. 2024;45(11):5347–5353. doi: 10.1007/s10072-024-07668-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Kim JO, Lee SJ, Pyo JS. Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on post-stroke cognitive impairment and vascular dementia: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0227820. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227820</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Pang Y, Han Z, Xu C, Meng J, Qi J. Therapeutic effectiveness of Donepezil hydrochloride in combination with butylphthalide for post-stroke cognitive impairment. American Journal of Translational Research. 2024;16(6):2719–2726. doi: 10.62347/CAHC9133</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Liu P, Liu X, Chen J, et al. Butylphthalide combined with donepezil for the treatment of vascular dementia: a meta-analysis. Journal of International Medical Research. 2024;52(3):03000605231223081. doi: 10.1177/03000605231223081</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Sagaro GG, Amenta F. Choline-Containing Phospholipids in Stroke Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12(8):2875. doi: 10.3390/jcm12082875</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Alsulaimani RA, Quinn TJ. The efficacy and safety of animal-derived nootropics in cognitive disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebral Circulation-Cognition and Behavior. 2021;2:100012. doi: 10.1016/j.cccb.2021.100012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Fanzhou R, Yuding L, Pingchuan L, et al. The role of TNF signaling pathway in post-stroke cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Annals of Medicine. 2025;57(1):2543519. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2543519</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Liu Z, Lu W, Gao L, et al. Protocol of End-PSCI trial: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on delayed-onset post stroke cognitive impairment. BMC Neurology. 2022;22(1):435. doi: 10.1186/s12883-022-02957-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Lee TH, Uchiyama S, Kusuma Y, et al. A systematic-search-and-review of registered pharmacological therapies investigated to improve neuro-recovery after a stroke. Frontiers in Neurology. 2024;15:1346177. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1346177</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Tynterova AM, Perepelitsa SA, Skalin YE, et al. Diagnosis of psychoemotional and cognitive impairments in the acute period of ischemic stroke. Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical Rehabilitation. 2021;3(3):270–280. doi: 10.36425/rehab77964 EDN: PVULNQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Saeidi Borujeni M, Hosseini SA, Akbarfahimi N, Ebrahimi E. Cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance approach in adults with neurological conditions: A scoping review. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2019;33:99. doi: 10.34171/mjiri.33.99</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Samuelsson H, Viken J, Redfors P, et al. Cognitive function is an important determinant of employment amongst young ischaemic stroke survivors with good physical recovery. European Journal of Neurology. 2021;28(11):3692–3701. doi: 10.1111/ene.15014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>An HS, Kim DJ. Effects of activities of daily living-based dual-task training on upper extremity function, cognitive function, and quality of life in stroke patients. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives. 2021;12(5):304–313. doi: 10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0177</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Musa Salech G, Lillo P, Van der Hiele K, et al. Apathy, executive function, and emotion recognition are the main drivers of functional impairment in behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022;12:734251. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.734251</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Blomgren C, Samuelsson H, Blomstrand C, et al. Long-term performance of instrumental activities of daily living in young and middle-aged stroke survivors—Impact of cognitive dysfunction, emotional problems and fatigue. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0216822. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216822</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Sharma R, Mallick D, Llinas RH, Marsh EB. Early post-stroke cognition: in-hospital predictors and the association with functional outcome. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020;11:613607. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.613607</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Jaywant A, Arora C, Lussier A, Toglia J. Impaired performance on a cognitively-based instrumental activities of daily living task, the 10-item weekly calendar planning activity, in individuals with stroke undergoing acute inpatient rehabilitation. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021;12:704775. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.704775</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Burfein P, Roxbury T, Doig EJ, et al. Return to work for stroke survivors with aphasia: A quantitative scoping review. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 2024;35(5):1081–1115. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2024.2381874</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Jaywant A, Arora C, Toglia J. Online awareness of performance on a functional cognitive assessment in individuals with stroke: A case-control study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 2022;32(8):1970–1988. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2022.2050409</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Einstad MS, Schellhorn T, Thingstad P, et al. Neuroimaging markers of dual impairment in cognition and physical performance following stroke: The Nor-COAST study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2022;14:1037936. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1037936</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Lin G, Zhuang C, Shen Z, et al. APT weighted MRI as an effective imaging protocol to predict clinical outcome after acute ischemic stroke. Frontiers in Neurology. 2018;9:901. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00901</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Gaviria E, Eltayeb Hamid AH. Neuroimaging biomarkers for predicting stroke outcomes: A systematic review. Health Science Reports. 2024;7(7):e2221. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.2221</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Maso I, Pinto EB, Monteiro M, et al. A simple hospital mobility scale for acute ischemic stroke patients predicts long-term functional outcome. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2019;33(8):614–622. doi: 10.1177/1545968319856894</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Björck A, Matérne M, Arvidsson Lindvall M, Jarl G. Investigating cognitive impairment, biopsychosocial barriers, and predictors of return to daily life among older stroke survivors. Frontiers in Neurology. 2024;15:1403567. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1403567</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Apostolidis K, Kokkotis C, Moustakidis S, et al. Machine Learning Algorithms for the Prediction of Language and Cognition Rehabilitation Outcomes of Post-stroke Patients: A Scoping Review. Human-Centric Intelligent Systems. 2024;4:147–160. doi: 10.1007/s44230-023-00051-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Suponeva NA, Yusupova DG, Zhirova ES, et al. Validation of the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) in Russia. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2018;10(4):36–39.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Wong MNK, Cheung MKT, Ng YM, et al. International classification of functioning, disability, and health-based rehabilitation program promotes activity and participation of post-stroke patients. Frontiers in Neurology. 2023;14:1235500. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1235500</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Perin C, Bolis M, Limonta M, et al. Differences in Rehabilitation Needs after Stroke: A Similarity Analysis on the ICF Core Set for Stroke. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(12):4291. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124291</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang L, Wang J, Zhou H, et al. The effect of body weight-supported Tai Chi Yunshou on upper limb motor function in stroke survivors based on neurobiomechanical analysis: a four-arm, parallel-group, assessors-blind randomized controlled trial protocol. Frontiers in Neurology. 2024;15:1395164. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1395164</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Marotta N, Ammendolia A, Marinaro C, Demeco A, Moggio L, Costantino C. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and correlation between disability and finance assets in chronic stroke patients. Acta Biomedica. 2020;91(3):e2020064. doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i3.8968</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Turuzbekova BD. The role of the International Classification of Functioning in early rehabilitation of patients after ischemic stroke in Kyrgyzstan. Bulletin of Science and Practice. 2024;10(11):259–264. doi: 10.33619/2414-2948/108/32 EDN: CSWWIV</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
