Development of female and male reproductive structures in Borodinia macrophylla (Brassicaceae)

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Abstract

For the first time, cytoembryological study of the female and male reproductive structures development in the East Siberian endemic, Borodinia macrophylla (Turcz.) O.E. Schulz (order Capparales, family Brassicaceae, tribe Boechereae), is presented. The general plan of the reproductive structures development occurs similarly to the studied species of Boechera. The anther contains 4 microsporangia with four layers, namely epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum at the beginning of development; as the anther matures, the wall becomes two-layered. The anther tapetum is unevenly 2-layered, microsporocytes develop simultaneously; most pollen grains in mature anthers are bicellular. The ovule is ortho-campylotropous, bitegmic, medionucellate. The embryo sac is 7-celled, 8-nucleate, formed according to the monosporic Polygonum type. The polar nuclei of the central cell in the mature embryo sac do not fuse. Female gametophytes developed in all the ovules studied. In B. macrophylla, only a sexual mode of reproduction was observed; no apomictic development was detected.

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About the authors

G. Yu. Vinogradova

Komarov Botanical Institute RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: vinogradova-galina@binran.ru
Russian Federation, Prof. Popova Str., 2, St. Petersburg, 197022

D. G. Chimitov

Institute of General and Experimental Biology SB RAS

Email: dabac@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Sakhyanovoy Str., 6, Ulan-Ude, 670047

V. B. Brukhin

Komarov Botanical Institute RAS

Email: vbrukhin@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Prof. Popova Str., 2, St. Petersburg, 197022

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2. Fig. 1. Borodinia macrophylla in Buryatia. 1 – flowering plant, 2 – plant with siliques.

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3. Fig. 2. Anther structure and male gametophyte development in Borodinia macrophylla: 1 – anther locule at the stage of meiosis in microsporocytes (4 nuclei are visible in one cell before the formation of cell walls); 2 – microspores; 3 – structure of the anther wall at the microspore stage; 4 – bicellular pollen grains; 5 – mature pollen grains, in some of them the division of the generative cell is visible (indicated by arrows); 6 – the structure of the wall of a mature anther. * – sterile pollen grain; ep – epidermis; en – endothecium; g c – generative cell, m – microspore; m l – middle layer; p g – pollen grain; t – tetrad of nuclei in microsporocyte, tp – tapetum; v c – vegetative cell. Scale bars, µm: 10 (1–2, 4–5), 20 (3, 6).

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4. Fig. 3. Development of the ovule and female gametophyte in Borodinia macrophylla: 1–3 – structure of the ovule at the stages of: megasporocyte developing without a parietal cell (1) and with a parietal cell (2), tetrad of megaspores (3); 4 – tetrad of megaspores with differentiation of the chalazal megaspore and degeneration of three micropylar megaspores; 5 – division of the functional megaspore with the formation of a 2-nuclear coenocyte, micropylar megaspores are preserved; 6 – 2-nucleate embryo sac; 7 – 4-nucleate embryo sac; 8 – structure of the formed ovule; 9, 10 – successive sections of the mature embryo sac: antipodals on the chalazal pole and one synergid on micropylar one (9), egg apparatus consisting of the egg cell and the second synergid at the micropylar pole, two polar nuclei of the central cell (10) are located nearby. a – antipodals; e c – egg cell; e s – embryo sac; f – funiculus; h – hypostase; i i – inner integument; m – megasporocyte; n – nucellus; o i – outer integument; p – parietal cell; p n – polar nuclei; s – synergid; v b – vascular bundle. Scale bars, µm: 10 (1, 2, 4–7, 9, 10), 20 (3, 8).

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