Pollination methods of Pinguicula vulgaris (Lentibulariaceae) in populations of North-West region of Russia

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Abstract

The peculiarities of the biology of flowering and pollination of Pinguicula vulgaris were studied in various places of its occurrence in the North-West of Russia – near the villages of Pudost’ and Glyadino in the Leningrad Region (Gatchina and Lomonosov districts, respectively) and near the village of Revda in the Murmansk Region (Lovozero district). Based on data on the behavior of flower organs and reproductive characteristics (usual absence of hercogamy and dichogamy, the P/O index intermediate between the kleistogams and obligate autogams, pollen germination in anthers as early as at the stage of buds, with a high percentage of its “natural fertility” and ingrowing of pollen tubes into the stigma of the same flower without obvious morphological signs of self-incompatibility), the conclusion has been made about the prevalence of autogamous pollination in all populations (in the form of bud autogamy). In addition, in all populations we also revealed ability of the plants to cross-pollination (xenogamy), however sharply limited by the rarity of hercogamy cases. The last fact was confirmed by comparing the seed setting level at free pollination of flowers with that at artificial exclusion of cross-pollination using insulators (in the first case, it increased by 15% only). The opinion of some authors about P. vulgaris being a predominantly self-pollinating species, based mainly on the study of subarctic populations, is supported: the transition of P. vulgaris to dominant self-pollination is peculiar not only for the Subarctic zone, but also for temperate latitudes in the Leningrad Region, and is most probably caused by low activity of insect pollinators in these conditions.

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About the authors

L. А. Nikolaeva (Pushkareva)

V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: pushkareva-lubov@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 2, Professor Popov St., Saint Petersburg, 197022

G. Е. Titova

V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: pushkareva-lubov@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 2, Professor Popov St., Saint Petersburg, 197022

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2. Fig. 1. Flower structure in Pinguicula vulgaris growing in the Leningrad and Murmansk regions (1а, 2а, 3а, 4, 6 – Revda, 1b, 2b, 3b – Pudost’). 1а–2b – external view of the flower (1a, b – side view, 2a, b – front view), 3a, b – reproductive organs – pistil and 2 stamens in close contact (front view), 4 – stamen (opening furrow is visible in the apical part of the anther), 5 – flower structure on the longitudinal section (scheme), 6 – placenta of ovary with numerous ovules; a – anther, са – calyx, со – corolla, g – glands, l l s – lower lip of the stigma, о – ovules, ov – ovary, р – placenta, ре – petal, s – stigma, se – sepal, sp – spur, st – stamen filament, u l s – upper lip of the stigma. Scale bar: 1–5 – 1 mm, 6 – 500 µm.

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3. Fig. 2. Structure of reproductive organs in Pinguicula vulgaris at the stages of dense flower bud and opening flower bud (1а–5а, 6, 7 – Revda, 1b–5b – Pudost’). 1а, b – dense flower bud, appearance, 2а, b – reproductive organs in dense flower bud: (SEM), 3а, b – opening flower bud, appearance, 4а, b – structure of the anther and the lower lip of the stigma in opening flower bud on the longitudinal section (germinating pollen is visible in anthers), 5а, b – development of receptivity of the stigma surface to pollen in opening flower bud (reaction with 1% KMnO4), 6, 7 – numerous pollen tubes growing into the surface of the lower lip of the stigma (SEM, 7 – magnified); a – anther, са – calyx, со – corolla, l l s – lower lip of the stigma, р – papillae, р t – pollen tube, sp – spur, st – stamen filament, stl c – style canal, u l s – upper lip of the stigma. Scale bars: 1a–3b, 5a, b – 1 mm, 4a, b, 6 – 100, 7 – 50 µm.

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4. Fig. 3. Spatial isolation of anthers and the lower lip of the stigma in the Pinguicula vulgaris flowers (on the example of P. vulgaris from Revda). 1 – аppearance of the anthers and the lower lip of the stigma, 2 – surface of the lower lip with pollen grains (magnified), 3 – opened apical part of the anther of the same flower, missing germination of pollen grains in the anther is observed (SEM); a – anther, l l s – lower lip of the stigma, ov – ovary, р g – pollen grains, st – stamen filament, u l s – upper lip of the stigma. Scale bar: 100 µm.

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5. Fig. 4. Germination of pollen grains in Pinguicula vulgaris anthers (1, 6, 8 – Revda, 2–5, 7 – Glyadino). 1, 2 – mass germination of pollen in the anthers of opening flower bud; 3–7 – growing pollen tube with callose plug and sexual elements at the apex (7 – the first funnel-shaped callose plug, magnified); 8 – pollen tube with a swollen tip; 1, 5 – coloring with Schiff reagent and alcyan blue, 2–4, 6–8 – coloring with aniline blue, fluorescence microscopy); c p – callose plug, р g – pollen grains, р t – pollen tube, s – sperms, v c n – nucleus of a vegetative cell. Scale bars: 1 – 50, 2, 8 – 100, 3, 4, 6 – 50, 5 – 20 µm.

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6. Fig. 5. The growth of pollen tubes along the pistil conduction tract in Pinguicula vulgaris (1a–6 – Glyadino, 7, 8 – Pudost’, 9, 10 – Revda). 1a, b – the structure of the stigma and style before the penetration of pollen tubes (1а – general view, 1b – a fragment of a style with a conductive tissue, magnified), 2 – stigma and style after penetration of pollen tubes, 3, 4 – conductive tissue with pollen tubes in the middle (3) and lower (4) parts of the style, 5, 6 – a powerful "column" of pollen tubes at the outlet of the style canal and along the surface of the ovules, 7–10 – penetration of the pollen tube tips into the embryo sac of almost every ovule; 1–9 – longitudinal sections, coloring with hematoxylin after Ehrlich and alcyan blue, 10 – total preparation of ovule, DIC; a – anther, с t – conductive tissue, e с – egg cell, e s – embryo sac, l l s – lower lip of the stigma, o v – ovule, р g – pollen grains, р t – pollen tube, s с – stigmatoid cells, stl c – style canal, u l s – upper lip of the stigma, z – zygote. Scale bars: 1а – 500, 2, 9, 10 – 100, 1b, 3, 4 – 20, 5–8 – 50 µm.

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7. Fig. 6. The process of fertilization in embryo sac of Pinguicula vulgaris (on the example of the Glyadino population, DIC). 1а, b – one of the sperms near the egg cell, the second one is already fused with the central cell, with its nucleus in contact with the polar nuclei, the synergide with penetrating pollen tube is hypertrophied (sequential focusing); 2 – division of the endosperm primary cell (telophase) during the junction of sperm and egg cell nuclei; e c – egg cell, e c n – nucleus of egg cell, e n – dividing nucleus of the endosperm primary cell, s, s2 – sperms, s n1, s n2 – nuclei of sperms, sy1, sy2 – synergids, sy n – synergide nucleus, p n – polar nucleus, p t – pollen tube. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

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