Peculiarities of microsporogenesis in Ribes and Grossularia (Grossulariaceae) species under introduction conditions (St. Petersburg)

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Abstract

Currants and gooseberries are berry crops widely used by humans. The key to high yields when obtaining new plant forms is the formation of fertile pollen. This is preceded by the processes of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis. The most important is microsporogenesis, and especially meiosis – one of the critical stages in the development of the anther. References contain information on the general structure of the anther in representatives of the Grossulariaceae family, however, meiosis in representatives of Grossulariaceae has been studied fragmentarily, that served as the basis for our study – studying meiosis during microsporogenesis and screening Ribes L. and Grossularia L., species that undergo meiosis with minimal disorders in the conditions of St. Petersburg. The objects of the study were plants of the Grossulariaceae family. Among them, there were 8 species of Ribes and 2 species of Grossularia growing in the territory of the Peter the Great Botanical Garden (Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences). R. alpinum, R. aureum, R. nigrum, G. divaricata, and G. acicularis are local to the flora of St. Petersburg. The study of meiosis was carried out according to the method of Topilskaya, Luchnikova, Chuvashina (1975) by preparing crushed temporary micropreparations. The results showed that meiosis in Ribes and Grossularia species occurs with deviations. The nature of meiosis disorders in all species of the Grossulariaceae family is similar: at the initial stages of the first and second meiotic divisions, chromosomes are thrown out beyond the spindle of division, delayed at the equator, lagging behind or running forward, chromosome bridges, cytomixis (single). At the end of meiotic divisions, micronuclei are detected (1–2 in local species, up to 6 in introduced species). At the stage of tetrad formation, micronuclei, dyads, triads and linear tetrads can be formed. The frequency of disorders at the beginning of meiosis in local species is lower compared to introduced ones and amounts to 12–25%; in Grossularia the frequency of disorders at the end of the first meiotic division is higher compared to Ribes and amounts to 20–31%, by TII the frequency of disorders in gooseberries decreases, most of all – in G. divaricata. The frequency of meiotic disorders varies in introduced species. The least numbers of cells with disorders at all, especially final stages of meiosis are in R. mandshuricum and R. spicatum. It was established that the frequency of disorders during the formation of microspore tetrads mainly correlates with pollen fertility, which was assessed by staining with acetocarmine according to the method of Romanova et al. (1988) (pollen stained with acetocarmine is considered morphologically formed). These correlations are quite pronounced in R. maximowiczianum, R. alpinum, R. hispidulum, R. nigrum, R. saxatile, R. spicatum. The maximum fertility of pollen grains (79.6–89.5%) is found in the local species: R. alpinum, R. aureum, R. nigrum, G. divaricata. Introduced plants are characterized by lower values of the amount of morphologically formed pollen, while the average percentage of fertile pollen, sufficient for pollination and fertilization processes, is found in R. hispidulum, R. mandshuricum, R. spicatum.

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About the authors

N. K. Stepanova

Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia

Author for correspondence.
Email: pitastep@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, 48, Moyka River Emb., Saint Petersburg, 191186

L. F. Yandovka

Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia

Email: yandovkaTGU@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 48, Moyka River Emb., Saint Petersburg, 191186

I. I. Shamrov

Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia; V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: shamrov52@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 48, Moyka River Emb., Saint Petersburg, 191186; 2, Professor Popov St., Saint Petersburg, 197022

G. S. Veber

Academician Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies

Email: med.st.veber@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2882-4733
Russian Federation, 70, Leningradskaya St., Pesochny, St. Petersburg, 197758

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2. Fig. 1. Meiotic disorders during microsporogenesis in Ribes and Grossularia species: a – AI; b – stage of microspore tetrad formation; c – AI; d – MII; e – МI; f–o – stage of microspore tetrad formation (f – hexad; g – heptad, unequal size of nuclei; h – triad and dyad; i – micronuclei emissions; j – linear tetrads; k – non-disjunction of nuclei (three nuclei together); l – pentad; m – two linear tetrads under a common callose membrane; n – linear tetrad; o – unequal size of nuclei, micronucleus in the cavity of the nucleus); p – cytomixis, transition of a bivalent from one cell to another in PI; q – cytomixis, transition of a whole nucleus from one cell to another in PI; cb – chromosome bridges; cl – chromosome lag; tru – triad, unequal size of nuclei; d – dyad; tr – triad; aagc – asymmetric arrangement of groups of chromosomes; ce – chromosome ejection; m – micronucleus; n – nucleus; lt – linear tetrads; ndn – non-disjunction of nuclei; cc– cytomictic channel.

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