Automated Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Fluoroquinolones for Their Subsequent Chromatographic Determination

I. I. Timofeeva; Тимофеева И. И.; K. A. Barbayanov; Барбаянов К. А.; A. V. Bulatov; Булатов А. В.

doi:10.31857/S0044450223020135

Automated Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Fluoroquinolones for Their Subsequent Chromatographic Determination

Authors: Timofeeva I.I.¹, Barbayanov K.A.¹, Bulatov A.V.¹
Affiliations:
1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, St. Petersburg State University
Issue: Vol 78, No 2 (2023)
Pages: 159-165
Section: ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Submitted: 31.01.2025
URL: https://rjmseer.com/0044-4502/article/view/650175
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044450223020135
EDN: https://elibrary.ru/AUSOSY
ID: 650175

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Abstract

An automated method is developed for dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of fluoroquinolone antibiotics based on the principles of stepwise injection analysis. The method involves the dispersion of the extractant by the gas phase, formed in situ in the extraction chamber of the flow analyzer. A deep eutectic solvent based on a terpenoid and a mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic carboxylic acids is studied as an extractant for the isolation and preconcentration of fluoroquinolones, and a possibility of its use is substantiated. Hydrophilic carboxylic acid in the composition of the extractant acts as a proton donor for the formation of a carbon dioxide dispersant in the presence of sodium carbonate dissolved in the aqueous phase. A possibility of combining the developed method with high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection is shown on an example of the determination of fluoroquinolones in wastewaters. The limits of detection (3σ) for ofloxacin, fleroxacin, and norfloxacin were 0.3 µg/L.

Keywords

dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, automation, fluoroquinolones, deep eutectic solvent, wastewater, liquid chromatography

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