卷 99, 编号 8 (2025)

It is shown that the introduction of non-zero volume of particles, as well as the notion of kasimirov polarization of electromagnetic field vacuum – EM-vacuum in the vicinity of atoms, atomic nuclei and elementary particles with formation of corresponding EM-polarons, allows to understand the physical essence of quantum phenomena and processes determined by “overlapping” (interaction) of kasimirov polarization regions in the vicinity of particles. The physical essence of the effect of “entanglement” (“entanglement”) is discussed; the variety of processes of Bose-Einstein condensation of particles and formed condensates, the genesis of inertia forces arising in accordance with the 3rd law of Newton’s mechanics at all levels of spatial and temporal organization of the universe; the key role of virtual photons in all the above processes. It is shown that within the framework of the previously proposed model of the dynamics of the universe as an integral open system the connections establishing the nature of irreversibility of the dynamics of all processes, up to the processes of energy transmission to electron subsystems of atoms and nuclear matter of nuclei, which is necessary for stabilization of functional activity of these systems, can be revealed. In particular, within the framework of the presented understanding of the physical essence of the phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity, one of the key epistemological problems is solved – understanding of the physical basis of the manifestations of “nondissipativity” of these phenomena.

Numerical analysis of local and total entropy production in the simplest linear and nonlinear reaction-diffusion systems depending on boundary conditions and initial conditions has been carried out. It is shown that the results of calculations for linear and nonlinear differential equations at large values of the equilibrium constant do not differ practically. It is found that the total entropy production in the system is not a functional of the solution of the problem possessing extreme properties. As a selective potential possessing extreme properties, one can use the entropy production in the system only due to one of the irreversible processes – diffusion or reaction.

The temperature dependence of the heat capacity of mometasone furoate in the range from 6 to 500 K was determined by adiabatic vacuum calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry for the first time. Standard thermodynamic functions of crystalline mometasone furoate were determined: heat capacity Cp°(T), enthalpy [H°(T) – H°(0)], enthalpy S°(T) Gibbs function [G°(T) – H°(0)] for the temperature range from T → 0 to 490 K. A regularity between the Debye temperature and the composition of steroid hormones was revealed.

The influence of the amount of hydrolyzing agent on the kinetics of hydrolysis of lead zirconate-titanate precursor solution is considered from the point of view of the rate of change of hydrodynamic diameters of primary particles of the sol formed at the first stage, evolution of particle size distributions, rheological and optical properties of the colloidal systems. It is shown that changing the ratio of hydrolyzing agent: organometallic compounds is an effective controlling factor at the early stage of sol-gel-synthesis of piezoceramics of lead zirconate-titanate system and allows to obtain gel with controlled speed and necessary particle sizes.

The change in the structure of Nile red when treated with acids of different strength: acetic, formic and hydrochloric acids was studied by IR spectroscopy. In the IR spectra of the dye dried after treatment with formic and hydrochloric acids, the appearance of absorption spectra corresponding to shaft vibrations of N–H+-bonds of tertiary amines and O–H-bonds of hydroxyl groups was recorded. In the IR spectra of the dye dissolved in acetic and formic acids, the appearance of the absorption spectra of O–H-bonds of hydroxyl groups is predominantly traced. Thus, it was found that the most probably protonation centers in the molecule of Nile red are the amino group and carbonyl group. Analysis of UV-visible spectra of the dye in acetic and formic acid and in DMSO showed that in acetic acid Nile red probably exists mainly in the non-protonated form, and in stronger formic acid a significant part of its molecules is protonated, which is accompanied by a complication of the form of the spectrum.

The temperature of the ferroelectric transition of a liquid solution of a polar substance in water is calculated. An experiment is proposed to test the assumption about the ferroelectric nature of the known anomalous properties of water.

The formation of propane hydrate in gas-saturated condensates of amorphous ice in the presence of nucleated crystals has been studied. Amorphous gas-saturated layers were obtained by condensation of supersonic flows of rarefied vapor and gas on a liquid nitrogen cooled substrate. Samples were prepared using both parallel flows with orientation normal to the substrate and at an angle to it towards each other. The formation of ice nanocrystals during adiabatic expansion of the vapor flow at the supersonic nozzle exit ensured their presence in the condensates. Changes in the specific surface density (porosity) of amorphous gas-saturated condensates at changing the orientation of flows with respect to the substrate and the presence of nucleated crystals in nonequilibrium condensates affect their stability and crystallization kinetics. Under conditions of deep metastability, a spontaneous crystallization mode with the capture of adsorbed gas molecules and the formation of gas hydrate is realized. The crystallized condensates contained high gas content exceeding its value for hydrate in the equilibrium state. Excessive gas content indicates the presence of gas in the intergranular space and porous medium of the sample.

The features of electrokinetic properties of suspensions of nano- and micro-sized Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (SDC) particles obtained by laser evaporation and condensation (LIC) and solution combustion methods are presented. The influence of surface nitro groups in the composition of LIC nanoparticles on suspension stabilization and zeta potential value was revealed. The influence of updating the dispersion medium on the properties of suspensions was studied, as well as the addition of cerium nitrate on the electrokinetic properties of suspensions of nano- and micro-sized particles and the character of electrophoretic deposition. The irreversible nature of the loss of stability of the suspension of LIC nanoparticles was established. The influence of the porous character of microsized particles on the electrophoresis process was shown.

Electrical conductivity of lithium shafts (LiClO₄, LiCF₃SO₃, LiBF₄) in sulfolane solutions was studied by conductometry and molecular dynamics methods. The values of the dissociation constants of lithium salts in sulfolane solutions, the limiting molar electrical conductivities and the lithium cation transfer numbers were calculated based on the data obtained. The values of dissociation constants and limiting molar electrical conductivities calculated from calculated and measured data are in good agreement. Thus, the molecular dynamics method can be used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of electrolyte systems.

The processes of surface segregation of components in hard Sn-Pb alloys by electron Auger spectroscopy have been studied. The amplitudes of Sn and Pb Auger peaks in the spectra of solid alloys were measured. Calculations of the surface composition of lead at different volume concentrations and temperatures have been carried out using the experimental data, which made it possible to study the segregation of lead due to changes in these parameters. It was determined that in solid β-solutions surface activity of tin is observed, while in α-solutions significant lead segregation was established. Thus, for solid solutions of 0.12 and 0.22 at. % Pb, a surface concentration of Pb more than 100 times higher than its bulk content is observed.

An electrochemical method for the concentration of technetium 99mTc ions formed by neutron irradiation of a molybdenum target and required for visualization of internal organs in radiopharmaceutical diagnostics has been proposed. Technetium extraction was carried out by electrochemical method. It was found by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that the release of technetium at the cathode, due to electrochemical reduction of pertechnetate ions, occurs in the form of TcO2⋅xH2O. Due to oxidation of surface layers by air oxygen, some amount of Tc(VII) is formed in them: the ratio of Tc(IV): Tc(VII) amounts to 3:7. Under optimal conditions of the process, the efficiency of technetium extraction from the solution containing excess molybdate ions reached 90% during 0.5 h. Since the concentration of molybdenum compounds is small, the reduction of pertechnetate ions occurs with diffusion limitations. The diffusion coefficient of TcO4– ions determined by the rotating disk electrode method was 2.14×10–5 cm2 s–1.

For the development of a series of knowledge-intensive areas of industry in the Russian Federation there is a need for hydrogen peroxide with a low content of impurities (up to 1×10–8%). The experience of production and quality control of such hydrogen peroxide at domestic enterprises is currently absent, in this connection the issues of assessment of the possibility of application and adaptation of existing methods of determining the content of microimpurities in hydrogen peroxide and introduction of modern analytical equipment are relevant. Commercially available on the territory of the Russian Federation brands of hydrogen peroxide have been studied.

This article presents the results of a study of the mechanisms of thiomethylpropyl ketone CH3CSCH2CH2CH3 (1) photoreactions. The main research method was the effect of chemical nuclear polarization (CIDNP), which manifests itself in NMR spectra. If pulsed and laser photolysis makes it possible to study the kinetics of death and accumulation of intermediate products released from the solvent cell, then the use of CIDNP makes it possible to study cellular processes in detail. Elementary reaction acts have been established.