Doklady Rossijskoj akademii nauk. Himiâ, nauki o materialah.

Behind the modern snowballing growth of publications devoted to transition metal-catalyzed chemistry of acetylene, the works dealing with acid- and base-promoted acetylene reactions stand in the background, although acid-base catalysis, along with enzymatic one, hold a dominant place in living nature. It was acid-base catalysis that was historically first introduced into human practice, and then into research. Until now, the majority of practically important reactions involving acetylene (these are mainly Favorsky reactions: vinylation of alcohols, ethynylation of carbonyl compounds, prototropic isomerization of alkynes, rearrangement of α-haloketones) represent base-catalyzed processes. Over the last decades, transition metal-free acetylene chemistry was progressing owing to the employment of superbases and superacids for the activation of the triple carbon–carbon bond. In the present paper, using recent publications of the authors (2021), the advances in application of superbase media in the chemistry of alkynes are surveyed. Also, the usage of electron-deficient acetylenes as objects especially sensitive to the action of bases in the search for new preparative reactions with participation of the triple carbon–carbon bond is analyzed. A short period (one year) was chosen in order to clearly illustrate the dynamics and efficiency of research in this area.

Water-soluble phosphorus-containing polymers of various structures have been synthesized for the first time: a homopolymer of acryloyl alendronate, its copolymers with 4-acryloylmorpholine and 2-deoxy-2-methacrylamido-D-glucose, and a copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone with allyl alendronate. A comparative study of their ability to bind calcium ions has been conducted. It has been shown that for alendronate-containing polymers, the amount of Ca²⁺ bound by one phosphorus-containing group is 2 to 3 times higher than that of polyvinylphosphonic acid.

Catalysts based on alumomagnesium hydroxo salts of hydrotalcite type containing nickel and cobalt ions have been used for the first time for carbon dioxide conversion of biogenic alcohols – ethanol and isobutanol – into hydrogen-containing gases (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide). At the optimum temperatures of 800–900°C, the hydrogen yield in the conversion of ethanol reaches 77–97%, in the conversion of isobutanol – 80–89%.

Mass spectrometry and gas-chromatography were used to study low and high-molecular weight organic fluorocompounds. Experimental results were compared with molecular statistics calculations of thermodynamic characteristics of the adsorption of fluoroderivatives of methane, benzene, toluene and diphenyl on graphitized thermal carbon black. Thermodesorption mass spectrometry coupled with gas-chromatography as well as laser desorption/ionization techniques were used to analyses destruction products of polytetrafluoroethylene (Fluralite^®). The fragmentation of polymer characteristic ions in different modes of ionization was investigated. It was observed the introduction of metals (magnesium and tungsten) and non-metals (silicon and boron) in Fluralite^® significantly affects the destruction processes. The depolimerization of fluoroplastics with formation of fluoroalkanes and fluoroalkenes up to 3000 Da was characterized only for Fluralit^® mechanical activated with non-metals. It was found that the complex of chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques can effective characterize the fluoroplastic destruction products.