Anther formation in Monanthess anaginensis and M. muralis (Crassulaceae)

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Abstract

Similarities and differences between Monanthes anagensis and M. muralis were revealed as a result of the study of their anther development and structure. The similarities: 4-locular isobilateral (on transverse section) anther with a 4-rayed connective; it does not fuse with the filament in the basal part, and the connective is visible only in the middle part; and in the upper and lower parts of the anther, the microsporangia of each theca are fused with their lateral surfaces; the microsporangium wall on the distal side is formed according to the centrifugal type; simultaneous microsporogenesis, tetrahedral tetrads of microspores, 2-celled pollen grains; tannins accumulate in the epidermal cells on the distal side of the microsporangium wall; parietal tapetum (amoeboid tapetum as a variation). Differences: length of anther zones; initial stages of microsporangium formation; the structure of the formed microsporangium wall: four (M. anagensis) or five (M. muralis) layers of cells, with the species differing in the number of middle layers; the process of specialization of endothecium cells, namely in M. muralis the cells increase in radial direction after the stage of prophase I of meiosis, while in M. anagensis after the stage of microspore tetrads; destruction of cell walls in the tapetum occurs at the stage of microspore tetrads in M. anagensis, and of single microspores in M. muralis.

Based on the complex of characteristics of the anther structure and development, the studied species of the genus Monanthes show the greatest similarity with members of the genera Aeonium and Sedum. The data obtained are not in conflict with cladistic constructs. The studied species Aeonium balsamiferum and A. ciliatum, as well as Monanthes anagensis and M. muralis belong to the same Aeonium clade, taking an intermediate position between the Telephium (Sedum kamtschaticum) and Acre (S. palmeri) clades.

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About the authors

G. M. Anisimova

Komarov Botanical Institute of RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: galina0353@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Prof. Popov Str., 2, St. Petersburg, 197022

I. I. Shamrov

Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia

Email: shamrov52@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Moika River Emb., 48, St. Petersburg, 191186

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2. Fig. 1. Structure of flower, stamen and anther in Monanthes muralis (1–3, 5, 7) and M. anagensis (2, 6, 8): 1–3 – 6-merous (1), 7-merous (2) and 5-merous (3) flowers, glandular hairs are visible on the sepals and petals; 4 – position of stamens on the receptacle, internal stamens have longer filaments; 5, 6 – anther structure (SEM), anther thecae (5) and a vertical suture resulting from the fusion of microsporangia in the upper part of the anther are visible (6); 7, 8 – structure of the anther in the lower (7) and middle (8) parts; an – anther, cn – connective, g – gynoecium, p – petal, s – sepal, sg – stigma, st – stamen, st f – stamen filament, v b – vascular bundle. Scale bar, µm: 1, 4 – 50; 2, 3, 7 – 20; 5, 6 – 100; 8 – 5.

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3. Fig. 2. Anther structure in Monanthes anagensis (cross sections): 1–3 – anther structure: before dehiscence in the middle zone fused with the stamen filament (1), in dehisced anther – in the basal part free from the filament (2), in the middle (3) and upper (4) parts; fibrous thickenings are formed in the endothecium and most anther cells, tannins are visible in the epidermal cells and around the vascular bundle; an – anther, cn – connective, p g – pollen grain, st f – stamen filament, tn – tannins, v b – vascular bundle. Scale bars, µm: 10.

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4. Fig. 3. Early stages of anther formation in Monanthes anagensis (transverse sections): 1, 2 – anther primordium, divisions of the microsporangium initials, the formation of cells of the inner tapetum, archesporium and the initials of the lateral parts of the wall; 3 – as a result of division of the archesporial cell, sporogenous (inside) and parietal (outside) cells are formed and then, due to formative divisions, their number increases; 4 – formation of a layer of the outer tapetum and cell divisions of the outer parietal layer into the endothecium and the middle layer, tannins are visible in the epidermal cells; a c – archesporial cell, c i mc – central initial of microsporangium, e – epiderm, en – endothecium, i t – inner tapetum, l i w mc – lateral initials of microsporangium wall, l t – lateral tapetum, m l – middle layer, o p l – outer parietal layer, o t – outer tapetum, p c – parietal cell, s c – sporogenous cell, s t – sporogenous tissue, tn – tannins. Scale bar, µm: 10.

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5. Fig. 4. Early stages of anther formation in Monanthes muralis (transverse sections): 1–3 – anther primordium, divisions of the microsporangium initials, the formation of cells of the inner tapetum, archesporium and the initials of the lateral parts of the wall; 4 – periclinal divisions of the archesporial cells into sporogenous (inward) and parietal (outward) cells; 5 – formation of the tapetum layer from inner and lateral sides and the beginning of divisions of the cells of parietal layer into outer and inner layers, the beginning of tannin deposition in the epiderm; a c – archesporial cell, c i mc – central initial of microsporangium, e – epiderm, i p l – inner parietal layer, i t – inner tapetum, l i w mc – lateral initials of microsporangium wall, l t – lateral tapetum, o p l – outer parietal layer, o t – outer tapetum, p c – parietal cell, s c – sporogenous cell, tn – tannins. Scale bar, µm: 5.

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6. Fig. 5. Microsporangium wall structure during micriospogenesis in Monanthes muralis (transverse sections): 1 – microsporangium wall before meiosis; 2 – microsporangium wall during the prophase I of meiosis, formation of two middle layers; 3, 4 – microsporangium wall at the stage of diad of nuclei (3), and scheme of anther in the middle part (4), tannins accumulate in epidermal cells; e – epiderm, en – endothecium, m – microsporocyte, mc – microsporangium, m l – middle layer, t – tapetum, tn – tannins, v b – vascular bundle. Scale bars, µm: 1–3 – 5; 4 – 100.

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7. Fig. 6. Microsporangium wall structure during formation of megaspore tetrads and pollen grain in Monanthes anagensis (transverse sections): 1 – microsporangium wall during the formation of microspore tetrads, the beginning of cell degeneration of the middle layer, destruction of the walls between the tapetum cells occurred, orbicules are visible on the inner tapetal membrane; 2 – wall of the microsporangium at the stage of single microspores, the cells of the middle layer are almost destroyed, the radial walls of the endothecium cells are thickened, the size of protoplasts in the tapetum increases, and the cells themselves become highly vacuolated; 3, 4 – microsporangium wall at the stomium, the cells in the area of dehiscence are tightly closed, tannin deposition in the epidermal cells (3) and an anther scheme in its middle part (4); e – epiderm, en – endothecium, m l – middle layer, ms – microspore, p g – pollen grain, t – tapetum, t ms – tetrad of microspores, tn – tannins. Scale bars, µm: 1–3 – 10; 4 – 20.

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8. Fig. 7. Microsporangium wall structure during formation of megaspore tetrads and pollen grain in Monanthes muralis (transverse sections): 1 – microsporangium wall during the formation of microspore tetrads, the beginning of cell degeneration of the outer middle layer, destruction of the walls between the tapetum cells occurred, orbicules are visible on the inner tapetal membrane; 2 – wall of the microsporangium at the stage of early single microspores, the cells of the inner middle layer begin to destroy, the radial walls of the endothecium cells are thickened, the size of protoplasts in the tapetum increases, and the cells themselves become highly vacuolated; 3 – wall of the microsporangium at the stage of late single microspores, the remains of tapetum cells are visible, the septa in thecae are destroyed, in the area of the stomium the cells are tightly closed; 4 – microsporangium wall before the anther dehiscence, divisions occur in the microspores and 2-celled pollen grains are formed; 5 – scheme of the dehisced anther in the middle part. At all stages of development, tannin deposition is observed in the cells of the epidermis; e – epiderm, en – endothecium, m l – middle layer, ms – microspore, p g – pollen grain, t – tapetum, ms – tetrad of microspores, tn – tannins. Scale bars, µm: 1–3 – 10; 4 – 20; 5 – 100.

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9. Fig. 8. Structure of 3-colporate pollen grains in Monanthes muralis (1–3) and M. anagensis (4–6): 1, 4– equatorial view of pollen grain; 2, 5, 6 – general view of the pollen grains, apertures are visible; 3 – surface of pollen grain. Scale bars, µm: 1 – 10; 2, 4–6 – 5; 3 – 1.

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