Glandular trichomes of leaves and flowers in three Pelargonium species (Geraniaceae)

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Abstract

We investigated glandular trichomes located on leaves and flowers of three Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) species: P. odoratissimum , P. exstipulatum and P. vitifolium . The aim of our research was to study the morphology and anatomy of the secretory structures located on aboveground parts of these plants, to specify their localization and frequency of occurrence, and to identify interspecific differences in their structure and distribution. The plant material was collected from greenhouses of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS and examined using the methods of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Glandular trichomes and simple hairs occur on the surface of leaves and flower elements. The glandular trichomes are the most frequent on the leaves of P. odoratissimum . According to our data, there is no de novo formation of trichomes during the leaf elongation. Five morphological types of glandular trichomes were described. Most of them are uniseriate and capitate (except for the third and fifth types). The trichomes of the third type are straight, while the trichomes of the fifth type are biseriate. The first type is the most frequent, as it can be found on the surface of all organs in every of the investigated species. The trichomes of the first and the third types can form a subcuticular secretory cavity. We have also revealed a unique fifth type of glandular trichomes with a multiseriate stalk that was not described before. The length of glandular trichomes can vary widely (especially in the second type), and the diameter of the secretory cell is a stable character within each morphological type. The largest diversity of trichomes is found in P. exstipulatum , the least in P. vitifolium . We also described interspecific differences in the morphology and localization of certain trichome types. This feature can be used for taxonomical purposes.

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About the authors

U. A. Ryabukha

Komarov Botanical Institute RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: URyabukha@binran.ru
Russian Federation, Prof. Popova Str., 2, St. Petersburg, 197022

L. E. Muravnik

Komarov Botanical Institute RAS

Email: URyabukha@binran.ru
Russian Federation, Prof. Popova Str., 2, St. Petersburg, 197022

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2. Fig. 1. Leave and flower s с hemes in Pelargonium species : a – leaf, b – flower; 1 – leaf blade, 2 – petiole, 3 – pedicel, 4 – sepals, 5 – ovary, 6 – pistil, 7 – stamens, 8 – petals, 9 – nectar tube, 1 0 – nectary.

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3. Fig. 2. Morphology and arrangement of trichomes on the leaf surface in Pelargonium : a – c , g – i – light microscopy, d – f , j – l – scanning electron microscopy. a , d , g , j – Pelargonium odoratissimum , b , e , h , k – P. exstipulatum , c , f , i , l – P. vitifolium . a–f – overview of glandular and simple hairs known as non-glandular trichomes (NGT) on the adaxial surface of the leaf blade; g – l – overview of glandular and non-glanular trichomes on the abaxial surface of the leaf blade. Scale bar – 100 µ m .

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4. Fig. 3. Morphology and arrangement of trichomes on the pedicel and sepal surface in Pelargonium : a – c , g – i – light microscopy, d – f , j – l – scanning electron microscopy. a , d , g , j – Pelargonium odoratissimum , b , e , h , k – P. exstipulatum , c , f , i , l – P. vitifolium . a–f – overview of glandular and non-glandular trichomes on the pedicel; g – l – overview of glandular and non-glanular trichomes on the abaxial side of sepal. Scale bar – 100 µ m .

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5. Fig. 4. Morpho l ogy and arrangement of trichomes on the ovary in Pelargonium odoratissimum : a – light microscopy, b – scanning electron microscopy. Glandular trichomes (arrows) are located between non-glandular trichomes. Scale bars – 100 µ m .

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6. Fig. 5. Distribution density of glandular trichomes on leaves of different stages of differentiation (young leaf, leaf during elongation, mature leaf): a – adaxial surface of the leaf blade, b – abaxial surface of the leaf blade. X -axis – Pelargonium species, Y -axis – number of glandular trichomes in 1 mm 2 . Values are presented as means ± SE , n = 7–15.

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7. Fig. 6. Morphology and anatomy of glandular trichomes of the 1 st type (according to scanning electron and light microscopy data): a – c – scanning electron microscopy, d – i – light microscopy. a , d , g – Pelargonium odoratissimum , b , e , h – P . exstipulatum , c , f , i – P . vitifolium . Scale bar – 20 µm .

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8. Fig. 7. Morphology and anatomy of glandular trichomes of the 2 nd type (according to scanning electron and light microscopy data): a , c – scanning electron microscopy, b , d – light microscopy; a , b – Pelargonium odoratissimum ; c , d – P . exstipulatum . Scale bar – 20 µm.

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9. Fig. 8. Morphology and anatomy of glandular trichomes of the 3 rd type (according to scanning electron and light microscopy data): a , b – scanning electron microscopy, c , d – light microscopy; a , c – Pelargonium exstipulatum , b , d – P. vitifolium . Scale bars : a , c , d – 10 µ m , b – 5 µ m .

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10. Fig. 9. Morphology and anatomy of glandular trichomes of the 4 th type (according to scanning electron and light microscopy data): a , b – scanning electron microscopy, c – e – light microscopy; a , b , e – Pelargonium vitifolium , c – P. odoratissimum , d – P. exstipulatum ; a , b – glandular trichomes of the 4 th type compared with a glandular trichome of the 1 st type (*). Scale bar – 20 µm.

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11. Fig. 10. Glandular trichomes on the ovary of Pelargonium odoratissimum : a – 2 nd type, b – 5 th type. Scale bar – 20 µ m .

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12. Fig. 11. Length of glandular trichomes and diameter of the secretory cell in three Pelargonium species: a , b – leaf, c , d – pedicel, e , f – sepals, g , h – ovary. X -axis – Pelargonium species, Y -axis – length ( a , c , e , g ) and diameter ( b , d , f , h ), µm. Values are presented as means ± SE , n = 10–75.

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13. Fig. 12. Percentage of different types of glandular trichomes on different organs: a – c – leaf, d–f – pedicel, g – i – sepal, j–l – ovary; a , d , g , j – Pelargonium odoratissimum , b , e , h , k – P . exstipulatum , c , f , i , l – P . vitifolium .

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