No 4 (2024)
Greenhouse gases balance and climate change: role of permafrost degradation in the Arctic
Abstract
One of the most prominent problems of modern geochemistry and climatology is the understanding of the patterns of migration of the main greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The purpose of this work is a brief review of the widely accepted concept of the dominant role of the anthropogenic factor in climate change, which is considered in the paleo-context of changes in natural climate cycling over the past hundreds of thousands of years, and in present time. It is shown that to understand the functioning of the climate system, it is necessary to take into account the geological factor – changes in the state of terrestrial and subsea permafrost: the huge reservoirs of ancient carbon, which is included in biogeochemical cycles due to permafrost degradation in warm geological epochs. This leads to imbalance in the carbon cycling, which manifests itself in massive emissions of CO2 and CH4 into the atmosphere. During cold geological epochs, carbon accumulates in permafrost, which stores amounts of carbon exceeding the carbon exchange between atmosphere, biosphere, land and ocean. Considering the Arctic region as the key climate “kitchen” we state that present time is characterized by unique long-lasting warming after the Holocene optimum, which occurred in the northern hemisphere approximately 5–6 thousand years ago. It contradicts with the Milankovich’ 105-kyrs cycling: after the Holocene optimum, the geological ice-epoch should have occurred, which should have led to about 100-meters sea level lowering and the transformation of the shallow Arctic shelf into land. However, warming has continued and the level of the World Ocean continues to rise, which has already led to an extended high sea level on the Arctic shelf – unique in geological history. This caused the lasting contact of relatively warm bottom waters (~(–1) °C) and frozen sediments (~(–25) °C) of the Arctic shelf for 5–6 thousand years longer than in previous warm geological epochs, which led to the progressive degradation of subsea permafrost, formation of deep or through taliks (zones of melted permafrost) and destabilization of Arctic shallow hydrates. It is shown that the increasing runoff of Siberian rivers, mobilization, transport, and transformation of terrestrial organic matter in the Arctic land–shelf system determines the sedimentation and biogeochemistry of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf – the broadest and shallowest shelf in the World Ocean, which makes up more than 70% of the Northern Sea Route area. This review paper presents selected key results obtained by the authors and their colleagues over the past 30 years, and identifies a number of problems facing modern climatology.



Diffiiculties in the anthropogenic concept of global warming and the seismogenic trigger mechanism of climate change
Abstract
Diffiiculties in the anthropogenic concept of global warming are discussed and a seismogenic trigger mechanism for climate change is proposed.The essence of this mechanism is that methane contained in the micropores of frozen rocks in a locked state can be released as a result of the destruction of the microstructure of the environment due to additional stresses caused by the trigger effect of deformation waves passing through gas-saturated areas of sedimentary strata. The waves themselves are generated by the strongest earthquakes that occur in subduction zones. With a characteristic speed of deformation waves of the order of 100 km/year, they travel a distance of about 2000–2500 km from the Aleutian and Kuril-Kamchatka subduction zones to the Arctic zone in approximately 20–25 years. This corresponds to the time difference between a series of the most powerful earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 8.5, which occurred in these zones in the interval 1952–1965, and the beginning of a sharp climate warming in 1980. After the start of the gas filtration process as a result of the destruction of the pore microstructure and a sharp increasing the permeability of the geomedium due to the impact of a deformation wave, the process of methane emission can continue autonomously for tens and even hundreds of years, depending on the thickness of the disturbed gas-saturated layer. This explains the ongoing emission of methane on the Arctic shelf for the last forty-odd years after the strongest earthquakes of the middle of the last century that initiated it.



Agricultural sciences. Crop science
Breeding of grain and cereal crops under the conditions of monsoon climate
Abstract
Creating high-yielding varieties of wheat, barley, and buckwheat with resistance to lodging and high technological and biochemical parameters of grain is one of the most important challenges for breeding. The paper evaluates some varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) from a competitive variety trial under the conditions of the monsoon climate of Primorsky kray. The research was conducted at FSBSI “FSC of Agrobiotechnology of the Far East named after A. K. Chaika” in 2021–2023. Eleven soft spring wheat varieties, eleven spring barley varieties, and ten buckwheat varieties were used as the research object. The following varieties were selected based on the results of the complex study on economically important traits (plant height, ear length, the number of grains per ear, yield, and resistance to lodging), biochemical (protein, gluten, starch, oil, and cereal yield) and technological parameters (grain hardness, bulk density, and TKW):wheat – Primorskaya 219, Primorskaya 269, and Primorskaya 274; spring barley – Primorskii 100 and Primorskii 153; buckwheat – Primorskaya 442 andPrimorskaya 437. Many years of breeding work resulted in the creation of new highly productive varieties of soft spring wheat Primorskaya 274 (Okeanskaya) and spring barley Primorskii 153 (Ussuriets), which were submitted to the State variety testing in 2023.



Productivity and nutritional value of the forage mass of the common vetch
Abstract
The paper presents the results of a study on hybrid specimens of the common vetch (F2–F4) under the conditions of the steppe zone of Primorsky Territory. The garden vetch is a valuable and highly nutritious crop, which can be used for the production of herbage, silage, and hay and grown both independently and in a mixture with legume crops and grasses. The research goal was to create and study a highly productive hybrid material of the common vetch for further use in breeding. We analyzed 143 Vicia sativa L. genotypes from 2020 to 2022, fifteen of which were characterized by high nutritional value. The following hybrid specimens were determined to be the most valuable for further breeding: N2 (Lugovskaya 85 × VIR217), N8 (Lugovskaya 85 × DuPuy), N10 (Lugovskaya 85 × Kshen›), N1 (Lugovskaya 85 × N2252), N11 (Lugovskaya 85 × Monika), N15 (Nemchinovskaya yubileinaya × Lugovskaya 85), and N17 (Mestnaya × Lugovskaya 85). These genotypes were characterized by the highest yield of herbage (0.87–1.24 kg/m2), a high content of digestible protein per 1 kg of the dry matter (108.0–175.5 g), and the highest amount of digestible protein per one Russian feed unit (117.2–198.5 g).



Improving the elements of the technology for growing potato minitubers in a greenhouse
Abstract
Improving the productivity of micro-plants under greenhouse conditions plays a key role in increasing the output of virus-free starting material for the production of breeder seed potatoes. The research goal was to evaluate how different methods for growing test-tube plants (in garden beds and pots) affected the survival rate, growing period length, and productivity of five potato varieties – Meteor, Adretta, Dachnyi, Kazachok, and Smak. The research discovered that growing the micro-plants in 5 L containers was more advantageous than planting them in garden beds. The survival rate of the plants was by 4.5–18.5% in the variants with the pots. The growing period length decreased by 2–4 days. The net reproduction rate increased by 2.3 times on average over the two year of our experiment. Variety Meteor had the highest average productivity among the specimens grown in the pots (8.9 tubers/plant).



The influence of agroclimatic conditions on the yield and quality indicators of soybean collection samples in the conditions of the Middle Amur region
Abstract
During the study in 2022–2023. An analysis of 42 collection samples was carried out in the unstable climate of the Middle Amur region. All studied samples were divided into 5 ripeness groups according to the length of the growing season, and an analysis was carried out of the duration of the growth and development phases of plants in each of the ripeness groups. A correlation analysis of the influence of agroclimatic conditions on soybean grain yield was performed. In the course of studying correlations, it was revealed that during the growth process, the sum of active temperatures and the amount of precipitation had a significant impact on the mid-early and mid-late maturity groups. A correlation analysis of the influence of agroclimatic conditions on the accumulation of protein and fat in soybean seeds was performed. The most responsive to changing environmental conditions were varieties from the mid- and late-ripening ripeness groups. The pattern of increase and decrease in accumulated protein and fat in soybean seeds with different ripening periods has been determined. The analysis performed makes it possible to draw a conclusion about which ripeness groups can be useful for obtaining high grain yields, and which for the effective accumulation of protein and fat in soybean seeds.



Distinctive features of the new soybean variety VNIIS-18
Abstract
The research was carried out in 2008–2022 in the Laboratory of Breeding and Primary Seed Production of the All-Russian Soybean Research Institute in order to create and subsequently introduce into production a new productive soybean variety with high adaptive potential. As a result of long-term work, a medium-ripened soybean variety VNIIS-18 was created, with a vegetation period of 111 days (108–112), a potential yield of 42.1 hwt/ha, a weight of 1000 seeds of 139.9 g (132.8–144.9), the content of protein in the seeds is 40.2% (40.0–40.4%), fat – 19.7% (19.1–20.3%). The new soybean variety meets the main modern requirements of agricultural production, exceeds the standard in yield by 4.1 hwt/ha, and in protein content in seeds (by 2%), provides a high collection of crude protein per unit area (10.3 hwt/ha, + 1.9 hwt/ha to st), characterized by a large number of 4-seed beans (up to 65% per plant). In the period 2021–2022 variety VNIIS-18 was propagated in nurseries of primary seed production, as a result, 108.6 q of original seeds were obtained, for introduction into production. It is resistant to diseases and pests and belongs to the plastic varieties of the intensive type. Its cultivation will increase the profitability of culture in the Far Eastern Region.



Photosynthetic activity and productivity of grain bean varieties depending on the level of mineral nutrition
Abstract
The results of studying the effect of mineral nutrition on photosynthetic activity and biological yield of grain beans are presented. The maximum leaf surface area of the Khabarovskaya variety was formed in the variant with a dose of fertilizers N48P48K48, in the varieties Geliada and Shokoladnica, the best result was achieved using N60P60K60. The values of the photosynthetic potential index varied proportionally to the leaf area. The highest index of net photosynthesis productivity in theKhabarovskaya and Geliada varieties was formed in the control variant – 13.1 g/m2 per day and 14.6 g/m2 per day, respectively. The Shokoladnica variety showed the best result when using N48P48K48 – 9.7 g/m2 per day. The use of mineral fertilizers significantly increased the yield of bean varieties in comparison with the control variant. In all the studied varieties, the maximum seed yield was formed with the introduction of the maximum dose of fertilizers – N60P60K60 and amounted to: the Khabarovskaya variety has 34.7 c/ha, Geliada – 33.9 c/ha and Chocoladnica– 32.2 c/ha. A strong positive relationship was found between yield, leaf surface area and photosynthetic potential in all varieties.



Variability in the biochemical composition of a variety population of edible squash in generations of selection
Abstract
Our research revealed a stable one-way modification variation (weak) in “the content of sugars” in all variants of population F8, F9 (СV = 1.9–7.7%; 4.8–10.0%, uniformity – 98.1–92.3%; 95.2–90.0%, respectively). The content of carotene in F8 and F9 was most variable for the studied variants (CV = 20.0–60.0%; 14.7–30.0%, uniformity – 40.0–80.0; 70.0–85.3%, respectively). A moderate and significant variation in the content of vitamin C was characteristic of F8 (CV = 12.9–30.0, uniformity – 70.0–87.1%), a weak and moderate variation was observed in F9 (CV = 6.2–20.0%, uniformity – 80.0–93.8%). Variants F8, F9 had an ascorbic acid content of 14.2–21.7; 19.5–24.4 mg% accordingly, which exceeds the technological requirements imposed on varieties of edible squash for processing. Based on the evaluation of variation in the chemical parameters of fruit quality, by recurrent individual selection using the methods of halves, for the conservation of positive changes in variety population 945 and variants of necessary type, we selected seeds from the spare halves of variants F9 945-13, 945-27, 945-11, 945-12, 945-22, and 945-31 for further testing for economically important traits.



The use of genetic material of wild relatives of Kamchatka honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatika Sevast.) in analytical breeding
Abstract
In the selection of blue honeysuckle, Kamchatka honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatika Sevast.) is a valuable donor of dessert taste, large-sized berries, and winter hardiness. Wild relatives of Kamchatka honeysuckle are of particular value in analytical selection due to wide polymorphism in wild populations of Kamchatka. The article summarizes information on the results of Kamchatka selection using honeysuckle forms selected from wild populations of the central and southern regions of the Kamchatka Territory. During the complex selection process, special attention was paid to economic-valuable and selection-significant traits: frost resistance, different ripening periods, high yield, early fruiting (for 3 years after planting), attractiveness, large-sized berries (more than 1.0 g), non-shattering, dessert taste, high sugar content, vitamin C, low acidity. As a result of the search and selection of wild forms of honeysuckle in breeding nurseries about 4,000 seedlings were studied, more than 50 forms were selected as an elite, and 6 varieties were obtained. Over 800 seedlings of planting 2020–2023 are in the study, new promising elite forms-varieties have been created: 1–5 (Malka), 1–20 (Vilyuyka), 31–35 (Ganalochka), characterized by high economically valuable characteristics. According to the results of the selection of seed material in 2023, the Kamchatka honeysuckle gene pool was replenished with 51 forms promising for breeding from various populations: 10 forms from the Elizovsky district, 20 forms from the Milkovsky district, 8 forms from the Ust-Kamchatsky district and 13 forms from the Bystrinsky district. For a more effective and high-quality output of promising selected forms for analytical breeding, it is necessary to continue transferring valuable sources from wild nature to culture and their comprehensive study.



Annual forage phytocenoses as links in the technological conveyor in the conditions of Sakhalin Island
Abstract
The article identifies the main reasons for the insufficient supply of feed for highly productive livestock farming in the island region (Sakhalin Island). Ways have been proposed to transition to a new level of development of adaptive feed production based on existing scientific developments at Sakhalin Research Institute of Agriculture – branch of the Federal Research Center All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after. N. I. Vavilov (SakhNIISKh – a branch of VIR), the results of agroecological testing of various types and varieties of annual forage crops with different ripening periods, improved technological methods for cultivating the most promising phytocenoses in their pure form and grass mixtures in the main, intermediate and mowing crops. For the first time in a monsoon climate, a technological scheme for the uninterrupted supply of feed mass from annual phytocenoses has been developed to organize a green (raw material) conveyor during the summer-autumn period for the sustainable production of high-quality bulk feed. The complex of forage crops proposed for cultivation is characterized not only by a variety of uses and high productivity (20–60 t/ha of green mass, 4–12 t/ha of dry matter), but also by the ability to extend the period of operation of the green (raw material) conveyor to an average of 120–125 days. Improving the structure of the mowing areas of forage crops guarantees the production of high-quality feed with a nutritional value of 1 kg of dry matter not lower than 9–10 MJ of metabolizable energy and a crude protein content of 13–14%.



Agricultural sciences. Animal science and veterinary
Leukemia of cattle in the Far Eastern Federal District
Abstract
In 2021–2022, the incidence and prevalence of bovine leukemia was monitored in the southeastern regions of the Far Eastern Federal District. In the region, in 2021, bovine leukemia was detected in the Amur and Magadan regions, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Republics of Buryatia and Sakha (Yakutia), and in 2022 the Trans-Baikal Territory was added to the listed regions. The disease was not registered in the Magadan region in 2022. The incidence of leukemia in cattle (per 1 thousand heads) in 2022 decreased by 25.0% (compared to 2021). The rate of decrease in bovine leukemia in 2021 was 3.7%, in 2022 1.9%. In the Jewish Autonomous Region in 2022, 40 unfavorable points for bovine leukemia were registered. By the end of the reporting period, five unfavorable points had been rehabilitated, the intensity of the epizootic process of bovine leukemia decreased by 4.5%. In the Sakhalin region, bovine leukemia was not diagnosed in 2021–2022.



Features of the helminth fauna of cattle in the spring-summer period in the Amur region
Abstract
Research was carried out on the helminth fauna of cattle in various livestock farms in the Amur region during the spring-summer period. In cattle, 7 species of helminths from the class of nematodes, cestodes and trematodes were recorded in the spring, and 3 species of helminths from the class of nematodes and cestodes in the summer. The features of changes in the extent of invasion in Moniezia benedeni and Strongyloides papillosus, which are often recorded during the spring-summer period, were determined. It is recommended to take the obtained data into account when developing treatment and prophylactic antiparasitic measures.



Anniversaries
Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.I. Sergienko – 80 years old


